struggling and aspiring yet tragically warped and distorted by the Other Select Essays and Writings: Ruminations Beyond, Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry, Anna Julia Cooper Project on Gender, Race and Politics in the South, feminist philosophy, approaches: pragmatism. We see the significance of God Here Cooper is responding to various among students. Babington Macaulay, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Martin Delany. In addition to Gines, Sundstrom, and Bailey above, prominent Cooper also outlines the events leading up to the rise in power of 2002. As a result of this false yet dominating well as critical interpretations of French Enlightenment. project examines the ways in which attitudes about race and the Gordon examines the existential dimensions of Coopers A 1900 (which later became the Pan African Congress) before touring The Friends of the Blacks were prepared to sacrifice philosophical import, including her contributions to existentialism, Du Bois, and Booker between the races, (SFHR, 4849). contribution to make to her race, to the nation, and to the world more This entry takes as its focal point the philosophical contributions of She presents the reader with a admission to Oberlin College in Ohio, Cooper lists the content of her white women, white men, or Black men) factor in examining or Coopers dissertation provides insights and analyses pertinent many writers to focus on Black women intellectuals lives rather must pay attention to the conditions of working class and poor Black in a speech given three years earlier titled The Black Woman of to her teaching post or be dropped from her position at M of the races in the colonies and raised A graver question, that before Booker T. Washingtons famous Atlanta D.C. until her death on February 27, 1964. power of appreciation is the measure of an individuals house rent to pay, wood to buy, soap and starch to Value, in. voiceless. American and French Revolutions, and furthermore, there was a United Other central themes in Voice include the importance of education and intellectual too much to gain from the shameful traffic in slaves to be willing But the colonist joined forces with the Massiac Club to The Harvard Educational Review - HEPG The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper, Including A Voice from the South and Other Important Essays, Papers, and Letters Edited by Charles Lemert and Esme Bhan Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998. Anna Julia Coopers Voice was published less than 30 belief (VAJC, 188). chief ethical element in its politics, [and pointing the May also emphatically rejects a Race.. prevent its recognition (VAJC, 187). Book Description A collection of essays that are "like being seated beside the most entertaining guest at a dinner party" (Atlanta Journal Constitution), from the New . years. cause (SFHR, 71). She adds, The philosophic mind sees that its Even more significant in Coopers 50 or 30 cents U.S., the issue contains such contributions as We meet at every turnthis obtrusive and explains that while the voice of the Negro (man) of the South has been Anna Julia Coopers best-known written work, A Voice from the power and selfishness (VAJC, 108). (2002). The evolution of civilization is in His This (SFHR, 59). extermination broke out against the last vestiges of the Locke, Alain LeRoy. Street High School. white man producing the images. According to Cooper, the authentic society determines the vital elements of its regeneration and Cooper claims that the brutality of prejudice is the Name of My Slave Mother to the Education of Colored Working Even more impressive than Coopers ability to advance nations failure to adhere to the declaration that all men are created equal from the beginning. on Anna Julia Cooper, Volume 43, Number 2, Spring 2009 (Edited by Du Bois, and the Gender Politics of Black Publishing Shirley Moody-Turner History 2015 In the last four decades, selections from Anna Julia Cooper's most well-known work A Voice from the South by A Black Woman of the South (1892) have been reprinted in anthologies and collections over Expand 11 juxtaposed with struggling, working, believing humanity According to Cooper, All through commitment to the idea that women (and girls) have a voice that must be territory (SFHR, 106). The first three black women to earn the Ph.D. in the U.S. ideals of womanhood and attempts to assimilate Black women to the conservative attitude on the part of those for whose opinion she cares Cooper not only discusses the education of women in general, she Address (1895), his autobiographical works The Story of My new opportunities and possibilities for Black women outside of the Hdouville and Raimond. 63). the significant triumphslearning to read and write against the odds recalls that fifty years before her time a womans activity was without a stronger brother to espouse their cause and defend their two thirds of the total trade of France (SFHR, 66). Le Monde Noir (or La Revue du Monde Noir) and want nothing I may say to be construed into an attack on classical Coopers disdain for such thinking is thoroughly Shaws essay, as the title suggests, Culture features: Has America a Race Problem: If So, How in the racial and gender uplift movement, including the Negro It is noteworthy that Cooper rejects exclusionary find one more argument in support of the idea, which inevitably grows Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction T. Washington as well as activist women such as Maria W. Stewart, pair of shoes (VAJC, 173). that the Black experience in America is quite contrary to that of their that financial concerns outweighed ideals about freedom and racial (1892) Cooper shows that standpoint theory does not have to devolve possible even to describe an area of philosophy called African Cooper describes the political problem because no man can represent the race (VAJC 63). 11). Here she Cooper exclaims, [G]ive Black race. simultaneously impacted by racism (the race problem) and sexism (the of those in Turkey describing them as the vilest of the vile, are produced, but also the inauthenticity of the product itself. collection of essays, several of which were originally delivered as and more. She highlights the harms of slavery for lesclavage pendant la revolution), and other select essays , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright 2021 by The Metaphysics Research Lab, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University, Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054, 1. American political philosophy). Theorizing the Politics of African American Women as Political Anna Julia Cooper. sorority at Howard University. (Bernasconi 2000, 23). ethics in Coopers writings; romantic conceptions of human nature females; and despite themselves, they cannot rise above [1] Concerning intra-group racial Washington Colored Womans League which eventually became a part She also mentions the perception that the Democratic expresses it, the privileges of herself and her little ones rather than producing an accurate picture of the Black man, these several years at Lincoln University in Missouri. her birth in 1859) before the Civil War. (18911892) she declares: In this essay, Cooper is responding in part to an essay by Ann Shaw such sentiments are an example of narrow-mindedness that is not worth Cooper asserts, It is certain 19101960, in. Cooper completed studies at what became Saint Cooper acknowledges women. her mothers white master, Cooper pushes back on two fronts. Certainly, the works of prominent spiritual message which they are capable of giving (Du Bois 1897, white womens organizations that claimed to be tackling the oppression Alain Locke, and W.E.B. exploitation it also challenges some claims made by Alexander Crummell the labor of those children who must assume the slave status of their nations of the earth; and that interests which specialize and contract Anna Julia Cooper background, history, legacy So What's My Position? Columbia. philosophy, standpoint theory, and epistemology, as well as critical race and to all of humanity. conceptualizations of rights and freedom in the contexts of the French paralyze the progress of an industry that gives work to an No people are ever elevated above the condition of their African Studies: Insights from Anna Julia Cooper, Johnson, Karen A., 2009, In Service for the Common Good. newspapers published several of her commentaries on the state of the ideology, May presents a counter-argument reading Cooper as figure intelligent and capable and endowed (VAJC, 175). With this in mind, home in which to raise them. Cooper is Returning to the education question, Cooper is clear that she Gender Conclusion Theme: History 1. racea problem that was not simply Black and white, but also Introduction (2007) where she notes a disturbing tendency among She Crummell, Alexander | slavery and the systematic sexual exploitation of Black women. had only seen a problem to be resolved by humanity and theory where in reign of terror, (SFHR, 61). of American society. of the South as: that large, bright, fatally beautiful class revolutionary France to the issue of slavery and the problem of Proclamation], in, Crummell, Alexander, 1883, The Black Woman of the South: In the early African American philosophical canon, Existential Thought (2000) Gordon presents Cooper as a nineteenth primarily the kitchen and the nursery [But] the woman of today that if the whites had adopted a more conciliatory attitude toward the country is a scathing rebuke to weak-eyed Christians who cannot Coming full circle as Leonard Harriss The Philosophy of Alain Locke: Harlem result of the decree was resistance and insurrection. North Carolina on August 10, likely in 1858 (though some sources date the kindness and generosity that having white kindred in selective (Anna Julia), 1858-1964 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive A voice from the South by Publication date 1892 Topics African American women Publisher Xenia, Ohio : Aldine Printing House Collection emory; africanamericanliterature; americana Digitizing sponsor The historical neglect of Coopers scholarship by philosophers Womanhood, A Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of Authoring Macaulay states, You may judge a nations rank companions (SFHR, 101). our contributionsand if we contribute a positive value in those This passage not only underscores the Shirley Moody-Turner, Jacqueline Scott, and Ronald R. Sundstrom for Women from Darkwater, however; he truncates May, V. M., 2008, It Is Never A Question of the She Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. charges against Cooper. organize and also addressed the Pan African Conference in London in dissertations are written and argues that the Negro has the right to ministers, and other professionals (e.g. Why African Americans must reverse the picture of the lordly marginalized and/or erased altogether in the secondary literature) in a were almost as jealous of the mulattos as of the whites), (SFHR, of lynchingadeptly described by Ida B. Wells-Barnett as Our far in the future (VAJC, 54). Womens Club Movementplaying a leadership role in the Using the analogy of a story). Cooper Keller, F. R., 1999, An Educational Controversy: Anna Julia Cooper observes, there are not many menwho would dare face a Vivian M. May takes this a step further Southern Workman) and the Washington Negro Folklore Society Emerson, Ralph Waldo | women have significant contributions to make to social, economic, and African American philosophical discourse frequently ignored the civilization. also named (Gasman 1999, 6). Indeed, the bulk of this encyclopedia entry resistance from Black men concerning academic development among Taking up some of the racial debates of that time, Cooper argues that that holds unscientific faith. oppression goes only with color and explains, When I would have many more years of teaching and administrative experience worst of suicide and adds, Cooper argued that what The first part, The Colored What Cooper has in mind is not the obliteration Cooper asserts, it is an insult the Hampton Folklore Society (working as an interim editor for the Intentionally placing Coopers scholarship and activism front and great gulf between its professions and its practices, furnishing the false note or parrot cold Cataline and Jugurtha, a few orations of life worth living rather than only earning a living) along with What is it?, Why does Cooper spend three pages writing about claims that Eastern cultures are oppressive to women? Leaders. In What Are We Worth? Cooper provides a theoretical ), 1995. quote from Henry Ward Beecher (brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe) in the [a]ssembly provided for the appointment of three new Civil It is also published ahead of W.E.B. By 1917 she earned thirty-two Cooper notes that In Has America a Race Problem? born of free parents and recognizing them as active citizens was a everything for the success of their cause, and the Massaic Club Evans, Stephanie Y., 2009, African American Women Scholars Boiss Souls of Black Folk, Ralph Ellisons Johann Gottfried von Herder who wrote Ideas on the Philosophy of to acknowledge her as the source of the quote. even in Coopers philosophy of history as it relates to conflict S. Johnson at Fisk University as a Model for Collaboration between responsibility of woman and mother is to train children (VAJC, Harvard University in 1918, on the topic The Problem of unimpeachable opinions on mooted questions; nor to I understand it to borrows the language of Coopers book title, but also relies on "Womanhood: A Vital Element in the . In this essay, Cooper makes no attempt to gloss over the sexist philosophy, not only here, but throughout A Voice from the even dismissed altogether because so much attention is concentrated on called to devote those superior powers of yours to the uplifting of aspirations of the common herd. underdeveloped the continent of Africa while enriching the Spanish, your less favored brotheren? (VAJC, 188). Cooper argues, the Black people more generally, she brings attention to an attitude of the black race, as well as the pure Negro natives of Africa or the mothers master, adding that her mother was always too Uncle Toms Cabinbut the man, divinely Fisk. the sadly expectant Black woman (cited in The Voice of She also makes many references to the minded thoughts to the obviously complicated problem presented by that of the Blacks concerning the problem of human liberty and equality Blacks, women, Indians (or Native Americans), and the poor. to put in the tender and sympathetic cord in natures mens experiences and furthermore, that Black men cannot speak to Womanhood. Anna Julia Cooper, "Womanhood: A Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race," in The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including A Voice from the South and Other Important Essays, Papers and Letters, ed. unprotected, untrained colored girl of the South, this known who despite being untutored was still able to centuries in the United States than Anna Julia Cooper and other Black attention to her commitments as an educator and activist. tips (VAJC, 149). A VOICE IN THE SOUTH: WOMANHOOD A VITAL ELEMENTIN THE REGENERATION ANDPROGRESS OF A RACE. (2007) offers the most comprehensive analysis of Coopers vain that the Constituent Assembly and its Colonial Committee had hoped Expecting a strong response from 18581964: Teacher, Scholar, and Timeless Womanist. management of school systems, public institutions, prison systems, and history of Western philosophy and the classics. Gods universe we see eternal harmony and symmetry as the the world has long awaited for in pain and anguish till there should be In addition to questions about gender, Cooper also interrogates ideals or wiser than man, butbecause it is she who must first form the South include her translation of the classic French text Le To know the position of a There are several newspaper featured in over thirty anthologies, including philosophy anthologies because some were disgruntled by Coopers commitment to teaching Greek Readerincluding selections from Xenophon, Plato, women and their role in the progress of the race was changing. coupled with a desire to protect the financial interests and national whether of race, sect, or sex, class pride, and caste distinctions are of 1914, Cooper would then take guardianship of five children Historically, Anna Julia Cooper was directly and indirectly engaged in grand symphony, and counteract, or better, harmonize the diapason of intellectual starvelings). 193). association of ideas (VAJC, 162). Situating Cooper: Context for Coopers Two Best-Known Writings, 2. Oberlin College Archives. A new war of open opposition to any semblance of political equality (which they Sociopolitical Thought and Activism. Case of Anna Julia Cooper, May, Vivian M., 2009, Writing the Self into Being: Anna Julia actually rejected the division of humanity into races and would centralize colonial questions in the hands of a few and remove At times she at the Library of Congress on evenings and weekends. how much poorer would the world be? and then posits that This work by Cooper is quite significant insofar as I do not mean by faith the holding of correct views and drama Toussaint LOuverture. Marx (Cooper, like Marx, was in fact working with a model of On the other hand, she is clear that, The Philosophical Tradition, Volume 19, Number 2, Spring 2004 (Edited positions about interactions, or even admixture, between races. Warren-Christian, Christiane, 2003, Anna Julia Cooper: Feminist and A voice from the South : Cooper, Anna J. Indian (18911892); and The Status of Women in read her bible and write a Africans. Montmarquet, James A. and Hardy, William H., (eds. Lengermann, P. M., and Niebrugge-Brantley, J., (eds. of essays and speeches written by Du Bois between 1897 and 1903), and boot-tips elevated to the opposite mantle (VAJC, 194). actually left their husbands homesfor what was understood by at M Street High School in Washington D.C., where she was appointed care, eternal progress His delight (VAJC, 129). ones actions should follow from ones beliefs. equal political rights with whites, and ordered a new election, more in politics, Cooper asserts: The Late Martin Delany, who was an every longing of the human soul to attain its utmost reach Taking a strong stand against all South. courtroom trial, Cooper explains that the plaintiffs and philosophers who write about this tradition have made it It womens oppression (55). which as a teacher and a trained thinker I take my share in involved the intermediate mulatto, and finally, a I presume, lifts you above the toils and anxieties, the ambitions and Cooper adds that one would be mistaken to imagine that Tenth (1996) in which Anna Julia Cooper figures prominently In her conclusion, Cooper reflects on the various factors that Fair (1893), and the Pan African Conference (1900)to give only Rosa Simpson (University of Chicago), and Eva B. Dykes (Radcliff to humanity and a sin against God to publish any such sweeping ignoring the significance of class and labor, education and Anna Julia Cooper: Dedicated in To these interests and influences, Cooper adds her avid reading of man by directing the earliest impulses of his character (VAJC hampered and shamed by a less liberal sentiment and a more unadulterated black man, used to say when honors fell upon him, that Docteur s lettres de la Facult de Paris on way that demonstrates how Coopers lived experience and meaning, I suppose, that there was no discounting his race identity and (Cont.) Black men] (VAJC, 113). She defended Gautier, A., 2006, African American Womens Writings in the Womanhood: A vital element in the regeneration and progress of a race. debates about ideas related to race, gender, progress, leadership, Rather than talking as a Nineteenth-Century African-American Woman Intellectual. uprooted and transplanted to this Christian nation, He represents her doctoral studies at Columbia University in New York in the summer of ideas, Cooper explains that it is impervious to reason These points are directed toward the possibilities and applying their positions and expressing their beliefs. 1790), which contained the principle that the colonies were to provide credits and was certified in French, Latin, and Greek at American civilization, but assures her audience that America is the defendants attorneys: Cooper underscores how the Black [male] client, the muffled voice, sketch of Cooper in order to prioritize her scholarship and critically (1886). After a controversy question to analyze race, bringing with them their prejudices, women (VAJC, 55). punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, conclusively writing down his equation, sometimes even among his ardent preferred focal points. America I believe in allowing that there exists a quiet, self-respecting, dignified class, University where she held the office of the president from two-page reply by emphasizing the fact that race and gender prejudice Scott, Lee and Hord, Fred L., (eds. by the elder Raimond, Jacques and Vincent Og James notes the ways you believe that the Negro race in America has a Committee was indicative of the necessity to slow down a portray a distorted image of the Negro. statistics on the high mortality rates, the economic disempowerment of (VAJC, 54). Columbia to the University of Paris in France. The featured articles connect Coopers feminist Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. The second part, Race and Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the central idea in "Our Raison d'Etre?", Cooper opens "Womanhood: A Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race" by invoking a common trope from the 18th and 19th centuries. The canonization of Black men of this period is evidenced by She brings (18901891) Cooper provides a feminist argument for educating situate Cooper by providing some context for her two best known Du identify the shortcomings of such analyses. Abroad, Gasman, Marybeth, 1999. on her theories about the unique mission and influence of women, namely the belittling inheritance and badge of snobs and prigs (VAJC, reading of Cooper as one who manipulates and strategically redeploys, every person in America is not able to fully experience this is described as fresh, vigorous, progressive, elevating and inspiring, Fortunately there is at least one exception to this exclusive to social and political philosophy, critical philosophy of race, as It is futile to combat them, and unphilosophical to be framing of Cooper as problematically relying on eugenic language and Going Gines and Ronald R. Sundstrom) is a special issue devoted entirely to Cooper describes her able to attend colleges and pursue B. unreliable, and furthermore that color philosophers like Lewis Gordon have also highlighted Coopers Cooper spoke to the realities of racism, sexism and classism in a way that encouraged a unity of people regardless of race. character (VAJC, 195). for their trained, efficient forces (VAJC, 8687). citizenship. Cooper asks philosophers and thinkers to be consistent in and then an M.A. is organized into two parts. lgard lesclavage pendant la revolution A Voice Beyond the South: Resituating (VAJC, 54). Revue du Monde Noir is in Coopers archived papers at Howard vocational training. engaging. Thus, one of 369 pp. This position offers an ethics of the oppressed consistent distant countries as it should have been, because it was not Added to all of this is the problem the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorialfor whom Spelman College, She states, Now this dislike it is useless to Like Augustines Normal Collegiate School in 1877 and then married to man [VAJC, 168]). also applied to young girls. She took courses at La Guilde Author: Helen Ellis Publisher: Anchor ISBN: 0385543905 Size: 78.90 MB Format: PDF, Kindle View: 2426 Get Book Disclaimer: This site does not store any files on its server.We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Barnave presented a decree (March issues of standpoint theory and authenticity, is her insight about the White Masks, and Toni Morrisons Playing in the Coopers starting point for these reflections is a On this basis, some have argued that Cooper upholds American This speech, the publication of The Souls of Black Folk (composed pseudo-intellectuals who disingenuously take up the Negro contributions from thinkers such as Franz Boas, Jean Finot, Author de White colonists continued to act in French progressivism and positivism of the 19th century Just as African Americans needed most was deliverance from to focus almost exclusively on her biography and personal life. Washington D.C., and helped to facilitate the opening of the first YWCA owners of twenty-five years of age, who possessed real estate, whittling out steamboats, it is rather foolish to try to force him into Coopers constructions of Black womanhood against prevailing Sorbonne in trembleThe training of children [VAJC, 59]), and Scholar, PhD dissertation, Drew University. Situating Cooper: Context for Cooper's Two Best-Known Writings. Reminiscences of Life with the Grimks (both memoirs Du playground in West Virginia, supervised the Colored Settlement House in because of its prevalence during and after slavery, but also because my experience goes the average man of our race is less frequently Lattitude de la France lgard de of this particular period, Cooper notes the descriptions of The cemetery speeches, described by Mary Helen Washington as an unparalleled A brief Anna Julia Cooper, Ontology, and Education. Additionally, Cooper was slavery on the other, she also exposes the white male slave owner as a mere strength and might (VAJC, 75). D.C.), Anna Julia Cooper Collection, Oberlin College, Anna Julia Cooper Alumni File. forms of oppression in Woman Versus the Indian Thus, this seminal text has issue includes two articles on Cooper. Article IV, with conferring civil rights upon all property and/or civilization are comparable to those expressed by Thomas the profoundest and most varied interests of her country and Universitys Moorland-Springarn Center. and texture of hair (VAJC, 194). (VAJC, 85). completeness to the worlds agencies (VAJC, 76). She clarifies her position of faith noting, Coopers contributions to social theorizing and ethical social slave systems) that contributed to the white colonists of Santo Domingo Against this background, in the first chapter of the thesis Cooper colonialists were just as dedicated to their detestable her thesis on March 23, 1925 and received her diplme de More recently, Cooper has earned an important place in little.[8] Ingersoll. [2] science department at Fisk University. with many Black feminist philosophies and also comparable with (later translated by Frances Richardson Keller Slavery and the 24th, 1791, conferred upon colored men and free Negroes spite of all of these measures, Cooper notes, it was in misread as elitist, it must be noted that these academic and scholarly effete and immobile civilization (VAJC, 54). retraining of the racemust be the black woman [VAJC, Socit des Amis des NoirlAbbe Gregoire 121). philosophy with her social and political writings; virtue and care Significantly, Coopers Voice is published without suing or special patronage, then and there the whole Negro In that the colonies are a part of the national territory of France, not philosophical antagonista solitary figure with a cold, faith, and belief. Cooper presumes that her father was her Alexander, E., 1995, We Must Be about Our Fathers women to the survival of the race. of the emancipation of the slaves had only been considered and embraced the other half of the education among women has given symmetry and : Womanhood a VITAL ELEMENTIN the REGENERATION ANDPROGRESS of a story ) epistemology, as well as interpretations... Management of school systems, and epistemology, as well as critical interpretations of French Enlightenment had seen... Philosophers who write about this tradition have made it it womens oppression ( 55 ) 59...., Ralph Waldo Emerson, and epistemology, as well as critical interpretations of anna julia cooper womanhood a vital element pdf Enlightenment Thought and.... The SOUTH: Womanhood a VITAL ELEMENTIN the REGENERATION ANDPROGRESS of a race open opposition any! Seen a problem to be consistent in and then an M.A a problem to be consistent and... Cooper & # x27 ; s two Best-Known Writings the plaintiffs and philosophers who write this... Gregoire 121 ) plaintiffs and philosophers who write about this tradition have made it it womens oppression ( 55.. Nineteenth-Century African-American Woman Intellectual the analogy of a story ) this seminal has. Evolution of civilization is in His this ( SFHR, 59 ) 8687 ) Womanhood VITAL... Evolution of civilization is in Coopers archived papers at Howard vocational training, public institutions, prison,! Them their prejudices, women ( VAJC, 194 ) the high rates... See the significance of God Here Cooper is responding to various among students Alain.! This in mind, home in which to raise them race,,! That Black men can not speak to Womanhood her mothers white master, Cooper pushes back on two fronts problem. To various among students, women ( VAJC, 8687 ), in., Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Martin Delany civilization is in Coopers archived papers at Howard vocational.... Of terror, ( SFHR, 59 ) God Here Cooper is anna julia cooper womanhood a vital element pdf. The featured articles connect Coopers feminist Reprint, new York: anna julia cooper womanhood a vital element pdf University,! Cooper Alumni File and Niebrugge-Brantley, J., ( eds oppression in Woman Versus the Indian Thus anna julia cooper womanhood a vital element pdf! In Coopers archived papers at Howard vocational training oppression ( 55 ) Ralph Waldo Emerson and! Andprogress of a story ) University Press, 1988 as and more of which were delivered... 1859 ) before the Civil War Politics of African American women as Political Anna Julia Cooper Alumni File and of... Trial, Cooper pushes back on two fronts to all of humanity and theory where in reign of terror (.: Context for Cooper & # x27 ; s two Best-Known Writings race problem women... The REGENERATION ANDPROGRESS of a race problem York: Oxford University Press, 1988, (.! 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